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&lt;head&gt;
 &lt;meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"/&gt;
 &lt;title&gt;S-TEN D2.1: Physical things&lt;/title&gt;
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&lt;a name="physical_things"/&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;3 Physical things&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;a name="upper_ontology"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.1 Upper ontology&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;a name="physical_and_abstract"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.1.1 Physical and abstract&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Both &lt;a href="http://suo.ieee.org/SUO/SUMO/index.html"&gt;SUMO&lt;/a&gt; and
&lt;a href="http://www.tc184-sc4.org/wg3ndocs/wg3n1328/lifecycle_integration_schema.html"&gt;ISO 15926-2&lt;/a&gt;
say that each thing is classified as either:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;physical (see classes &lt;b&gt;sumo:Physical&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;iso15926-2:possible_individual&lt;/b&gt;); or&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;abstract (see classes &lt;b&gt;sumo:Abstract&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;iso15926-2:abstract_object&lt;/b&gt;).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;&lt;p&gt;NOTE 1 This not contentious amongst upper ontologists, but in
practice it is sometimes convenient to classify a thing as both "physical" and
as a member of one of the subclasses of "abstract". This is discussed in
Section &lt;a href="#physical_thing_and_structure"&gt;Physical thing and structure&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The alternative definitions of "physical" are as follows:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table width="100%" border="1"&gt;
&lt;tr bgcolor="linen"&gt;
&lt;th width="50%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sumo:Physical&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th width="50%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;iso15926-2:possible_individual&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An entity that has a location in space-time.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Note that locations are themselves understood to have a location in
space-time.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A possible_individual is a thing that exists in space and time.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This includes:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;things where any of the space time dimensions are vanishingly small,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;those that are either all space for any time, or all time and any space,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;the entirety of all space time,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;things that actually exist, or have existed,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;things that are fictional or conjectured and possibly exist in the past,
present or future,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;temporal parts (states) of other individuals,&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;things that have a specific position, but zero extent in one or more
dimensions, such as points, lines, and surfaces.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In this context existence is based upon being imaginable within some consistent
logic, including actual, hypothetical, planned, expected, or required individuals.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p&gt;There are different approaches to the next level of subclasses below
"physical".  The &lt;a href="http://suo.ieee.org/SUO/SUMO/index.html"&gt;SUMO&lt;/a&gt; and ISO 15926-2 alternatives are:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table width="100%" border="1"&gt;
&lt;tr bgcolor="linen"&gt;
&lt;th width="50%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://suo.ieee.org/SUO/SUMO/index.html"&gt;SUMO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th width="50%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;ISO 15926-2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr bgcolor="linen"&gt;
&lt;th width="50%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sumo:Object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th width="50%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;iso15926-2:physical_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Corresponds roughly to the class of ordinary
objects.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Examples include normal physical objects, geographical regions,
and locations of Processes, the complement of Objects in the Physical
class.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In a 4D ontology, an Object is something whose spatiotemporal
extent is thought of as dividing into spatial parts roughly parallel to the
time-axis.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A physical_object is a possible_individual that is a distribution of matter,
energy, or both.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;EXAMPLE 1 A piece of metal is a physical_object.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;EXAMPLE 2 A tree is a physical_object.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;EXAMPLE 3 The thing identified by tag P101 is a physical_object.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;EXAMPLE 4 A light beam is a physical_object.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;EXAMPLE 5 A tank that is built and dismantled on site is both a
materialized_physical_object and a functional_physical_object.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr bgcolor="linen"&gt;
&lt;th width="50%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sumo:Process&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th width="50%"&gt;&lt;b&gt;iso15926-2:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;
&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Intuitively, the class of things that happen
and have temporal parts or stages.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Examples include extended events
like a football match or a race, actions like Pursuing and Reading,
and biological processes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The formal definition is: anything that lasts
for a time but is not an Object.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Note that a Process may have
participants 'inside' it which are Objects, such as the players
in a football match.  In a 4D ontology, a Process is something whose
spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into temporal stages
roughly perpendicular to the time-axis.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An activity is a possible_individual that brings about change by causing the
event that marks the beginning, or the event that marks the ending of a
possible_individual.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An activity consists of the temporal parts of those members of
possible_individual that participate in the activity.
The participating temporal parts will be classified by the
participating_role_and_domain that indicates the role of the temporal part in
the activity.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;EXAMPLE Pumping a fluid with a mechanical pump can be represented by an
instance of activity.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://suo.ieee.org/SUO/SUMO/index.html"&gt;SUMO&lt;/a&gt; says that a physical thing is either a &lt;b&gt;sumo:Object&lt;/b&gt; or a
&lt;b&gt;sumo:Process&lt;/b&gt;. ISO 15926-2 says that a physical thing can be a
&lt;b&gt;iso15926-2:physical_object&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;iso15926-2:activity&lt;/b&gt;,
&lt;b&gt;iso15926-2:event&lt;/b&gt;, or &lt;b&gt;iso15926-2:period_in_time&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE 2 ISO 15926-2 does not
explicitly state that a physical thing has to be just one of these, but the layout
of the diagramatic presentation suggests that this is the intent.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE 3 ISO 15926-2 is probably wrong in regarding a
&lt;b&gt;iso15926-2:period_in_time&lt;/b&gt; as not a subclass of
&lt;b&gt;iso15926-2:physical_object&lt;/b&gt;. ISO 15926-2 regards a quantity of space as a
physical object, and it is usual in modern physics to regard space and time as
similar.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;a name="types_of_physical_thing"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.1.2 Types of physical thing&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The exact structure at the top of an ontology does not matter very much.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE 1 Many hours of discussion can be wasted on this topic.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The purpose of the structure at the top of the ontology is to specify
which relationships are valid for which types of physical thing. These relationship
are inherited down the ontology. The principal relationship are discussed
in Section &lt;a href="#principal_relationships"&gt;Principal relationships&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The top of the ontology for S-TEN, is a variant of that in &lt;a href="http://suo.ieee.org/SUO/SUMO/index.html"&gt;SUMO&lt;/a&gt; and
ISO 15926-2 as follows:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is one of:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#classical_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:classical_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; which consists of very many interacting
particles for a period;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#classical_object_at_instant"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:classical_object_at_instant&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; which is a &lt;a href="#classical_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:classical_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
at an instant; or&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;non-classical thing&lt;/b&gt; which is everything else, including
small numbers of particles isolated
from the rest of the universe, and a packets of energy.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;For a &lt;a href="#classical_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:classical_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, time, position and causality are all valid
concepts. Non-classical things are not within the scope of S-TEN.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href="#classical_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:classical_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; can be:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; which is created by a &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and
which continues to exist until destroyed by another &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;; and&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#ephemeral_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:ephemeral_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; which is a part of a
&lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; which existed before or continued to exist
after.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE 2 The different between &lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and
&lt;a href="#ephemeral_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:ephemeral_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is contentious amonst upper ontologists. An
&lt;a href="#ephemeral_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:ephemeral_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is something which has been defined by a
person for a purpose. The beginning and end of an &lt;a href="#ephemeral_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:ephemeral_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
is not necessarily obvious to another person. Unfortunately, the same can be
sometimes be said for a &lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There are many types of &lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. These include:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#facility"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:facility&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, which is an object defined by the role it performs, and
which is of interest for operations;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#physical_asset"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_asset&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, which is an object defined by defined
its material, and which is of interest for materials management;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;computer file&lt;/b&gt;, which is an information bearing object defined by a
computer system.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;EXAMPLE Consider a pump in a process plant. The switch in the control room which
operates this pump is labeled "P_101". On
2007-03-19, the pump with serial number "98-1234" is installed as "P_101". A
maintenance activity is carried out overnight, so that on 2007-03-20 the pump
with serial number "03-5678" is installed.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The object "P_101" is a facility, and is defined by the role it performs. The
object "98-1234" is an asset and is defined &lt;em&gt;more or less&lt;/em&gt; by the matter
it consists of.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The qualification &lt;em&gt;more or less&lt;/em&gt; is important, because a major
refurbishment may change many of the parts of asset "98-1234". In this case,
whether or not an new asset is created is an administrative choice.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE 3 The justification for regarding a computer file as something physical
is discussed in Section &lt;a href="information.htm#information"&gt;Information&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;p&gt;There are many types of &lt;a href="#ephemeral_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:ephemeral_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. These include:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#period_of_life"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:period_of_life&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, which a
&lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
during a &lt;a href="temporal_part_and_time.htm#period"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:period&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, which is one or more instances of
&lt;a href="#period_of_life"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:period_of_life&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and which is defined in order to identify a
purpose, cause or result.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE 5 There are particular relationships
between an &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and its parts, such as
&lt;a href="#has_input"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_input&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="#has_output"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_output&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="#creates"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:creates&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
&lt;a href="#destroys"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:destroys&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="#performed_by"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:performed_by&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Top classes in the S-TEN, &lt;a href="http://suo.ieee.org/SUO/SUMO/index.html"&gt;SUMO&lt;/a&gt; and ISO 15926-2 ontologies are shown in
Figure &lt;a href="#top_of_the_ontology_fig"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align="center"&gt;
&lt;a name="top_of_the_ontology_fig"/&gt;
&lt;img src="../images/top_of_the_ontology.gif"
     alt="Top of the ontology"/&gt;
&lt;p class="caption"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Figure 1: Top of the ontology&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;a name="principal_relationships"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.1.3 Principal relationships&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Relationships which are valid for the different types of physical thing are
as follows:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table width="100%" border="1"&gt;
&lt;tr bgcolor="linen"&gt;
&lt;th width="25%"&gt;relationship&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th width="25%"&gt;rdfs:Property&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th width="25%"&gt;rdfs:domain&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th width="25%"&gt;rdfs:range&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top" rowspan="2"&gt;whole-part&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="#part_of"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:part_of&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="#has_part"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_part&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top" rowspan="2"&gt;temporal whole-part&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="temporal_part_and_time.htm#temporal_part_of"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:temporal_part_of&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="#classical_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:classical_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="temporal_part_and_time.htm#has_temporal_part"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_temporal_part&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="#classical_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:classical_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top" rowspan="2"&gt;assembly&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="#component_of"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:component_of&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="#classical_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:classical_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="#classical_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:classical_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="#has_component"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_component&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="#classical_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:classical_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="#classical_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:classical_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;at time&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="temporal_part_and_time.htm#at_time"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:at_time&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="#classical_object_at_instant"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:classical_object_at_instant&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="temporal_part_and_time.htm#instant"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:instant&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;during&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="temporal_part_and_time.htm#during"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:during&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="temporal_part_and_time.htm#part_of_time"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:part_of_time&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;EXAMPLE The difference between the relationships &lt;a href="#part_of"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:part_of&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
&lt;a href="temporal_part_and_time.htm#temporal_part_of"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:temporal_part_of&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="#component_of"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:component_of&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is illustrated by
Figure &lt;a href="#temporal_part_and_component_fig"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align="center"&gt;
&lt;a name="temporal_part_and_component_fig"/&gt;
&lt;img src="../images/temporal_part_and_component.gif"
     alt="Temporal part and component"/&gt;
&lt;p class="caption"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Figure 2: Temporal part and component&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In this example:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;"object a" has a &lt;a href="temporal_part_and_time.htm#temporal_part_of"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:temporal_part_of&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship with "object X";&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;"object b" has a &lt;a href="#component_of"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:component_of&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship with "object X";&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;"object c" has a &lt;a href="#part_of"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:part_of&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (but not &lt;a href="temporal_part_and_time.htm#temporal_part_of"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:temporal_part_of&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
or &lt;a href="#component_of"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:component_of&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;) relationship with "object X";&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;a name="activity_and_role"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.1.4 Activity and role&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (= &lt;b&gt;sumo:Process&lt;/b&gt;) is defined in order to identify a
purpose, cause or result.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE The &lt;a href="http://suo.ieee.org/SUO/SUMO/index.html"&gt;SUMO&lt;/a&gt; definition is "anything that lasts for a time but is not an
Object". This is not enough, because this is true of any &lt;a href="#period_of_life"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:period_of_life&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
An &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is special because it is used to identify roles, such as
"input", "output", and "performer".&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://suo.ieee.org/SUO/SUMO/index.html"&gt;SUMO&lt;/a&gt; identifies the following generic relationships with a
&lt;b&gt;sumo:Process&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table width="100%" border="1"&gt;
&lt;tr bgcolor="linen"&gt;
&lt;th width="25%"&gt;role&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th width="75%"&gt;definition&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sumo:agent&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;an active determinant, either animate or inanimate, of the Process
with or without voluntary intention.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sumo:experiencer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;a passive experiencer of the Process. Note, unlike agent, this
does not entail a causal relation.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sumo:patient&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;a participant in the Process.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sumo:instrument&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;a &lt;b&gt;sumo:patient&lt;/b&gt; that is a tool used in the Process and
not changed by it.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sumo:resource&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;a &lt;b&gt;sumo:patient&lt;/b&gt; that is used in the Process and changed by it.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sumo:result&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;a &lt;b&gt;sumo:patient&lt;/b&gt; that is produced by the Process.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p&gt;S-TEN defines the
&lt;a href="#has_role_player"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_role_player&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship
is between an &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and a
&lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. This is not
a relationship with a temporal part
(see &lt;a href="temporal_part_and_time.htm#what_is_a_temporal_part"&gt;What is a temporal part&lt;/a&gt;).
because an &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is specifically defined
to express a relationship between instances of
&lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;EXAMPLE 1 Consider the manufacturing
&lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; "F. Bloggs production on 2007-04-23".
This &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
creates the &lt;a href="#physical_asset"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_asset&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
with serial number "07/123456". The
&lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; does not create a temporal part of
"07/123456", but instead the
&lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; which continues to
exist after the &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
has finished.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;There are many possible roles in an activity, which are specific to the type of
activity.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;EXAMPLE 2 A meeting activity has the roles:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;chair person;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;minute taker;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;teller (who counts votes); and&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;attender.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;For S-TEN, the roles "input" and "output" have been introduced. The part of
speech has also been changed so that the relationships are not identified by nouns
and cannot be easily mistaken for objects. (In &lt;a href="http://suo.ieee.org/SUO/SUMO/index.html"&gt;SUMO&lt;/a&gt;, the object "Agent" is
distinguished from the relationship "agent" by the capitalisation.)  This gives the
following generic roles:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table width="100%" border="1"&gt;
&lt;tr bgcolor="linen"&gt;
&lt;th width="25%"&gt;role&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th width="75%"&gt;definition&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="#performed_by"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:performed_by&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;identical to &lt;b&gt;sumo:agent&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="#has_input"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_input&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;identical to &lt;b&gt;sumo:resource&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="#has_output"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_output&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;identical to &lt;b&gt;sumo:result&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="#destroys"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:destroys&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;a &lt;a href="#has_input"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_input&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, where the input does not exist after
the activity.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;a href="#creates"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:creates&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td valign="top"&gt;a &lt;a href="#has_output"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_output&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, where the output did not exist before
the activity.&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A temporal part can be related to an &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
by a &lt;a href="#has_part"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_part&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;An &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; can have a relationship with an
object which is neither &lt;a href="#has_role_player"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_role_player&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; or
&lt;a href="#has_part"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_part&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.  Examples of this are:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#causes"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:causes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; where one
&lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; causes another to happen;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="information.htm#has_input_record"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_input_record&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and
&lt;a href="information.htm#has_output_record"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_output_record&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; where a
&lt;a href="information.htm#information_carrier"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:information_carrier&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
is input or output.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="observation_and_measurement.htm#investigates"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:investiates&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
where information is sought about an object which may not play a role in the
&lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;a name="relationships_with_parts_of_life"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.1.5 Relationships with parts of life&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The relationship &lt;a href="#component_of"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:component_of&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is a
&lt;a href="temporal_part_and_time.htm#simultaneous_mapping"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:simultaneous_mapping&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
which applies to each temporal part of the part and of the whole.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;EXAMPLE 1 The statement:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
The gearbox with serial number 98/1234 has a &lt;a href="#component_of"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:component_of&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
relationship with the car with chassis number 99/4567.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;p&gt;is untrue because the gearbox existed before the car, and may continue to exists
after the car if the car is disassembled.  If the car has the same gearbox
throughout its life, then the correct statement is:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
A temporal part of the gearbox with serial number 98/1234 has a &lt;a href="#component_of"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:component_of&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
relationship with the car with chassis number 99/4567.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Serialised in N3, this statement is:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
[ sten:temporal_part_of :98/1234 ]  sten:component_of  :99/4567 .
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;p&gt;There is no need to be specific about the start and end times
of the temporal part of :98/1234, because this can be deduced from the start and
end times of :99/4567.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The relationship &lt;a href="#has_role_player"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_role_player&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is a
does not apply to temporal parts.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;EXAMPLE 2 The statement that Monty Panesar played in the 2006 Perth Test Match
can be made as follows:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
:2006_Perth_Test_Match sport:has_player :Monty_Panesar .
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;p&gt;where &lt;b&gt;sport:has_player&lt;/b&gt; is a subProperty of
&lt;a href="#has_role_player"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_role_player&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The statement that Monty Panesar" is part of the 2006 Perth Test Match, is not
true, because Monty Panesar existed both before and afterwards. The correct
statement, serialised in N3, is:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
[ sten:temporal_part_of :Monty_Panesar ]  sten:part_of  :2006_Perth_Test_Match .
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If it is necessary to be precise about the temporal parts of Monty Panesar,
it is necessary to decide:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;whether the 2006 Perth Test Match continues during the tea interval;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;whether Monty Panesar is part of the test match whilst sitting in the pavilion
waiting for his turn to bat.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;a name="ontology_for_physical_thing_taxonomy"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.2 Ontology for physical thing - taxonomy&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;a name="physical_thing"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.2.1 physical_thing&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is an &lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; if and only if
it exists in space and time.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE In S-TEN, neither the ISO 15926 nor the &lt;a href="http://suo.ieee.org/SUO/SUMO/index.html"&gt;SUMO&lt;/a&gt;
term is used for
&lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. The reasons are as follows:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The ISO 15926 term "possible individual" implies that the members are
"individuals" as commonly understood. As members include packets of energy and
single particles, which do not have individuality, this is inappropriate.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href="http://suo.ieee.org/SUO/SUMO/index.html"&gt;SUMO&lt;/a&gt; term "physical" is better, but is an adjective. The most neutral
way of making this a noun is to add the suffix "thing".&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&sten;physical_thing">
 <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="&sumo;Physical"/>
 <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="&iso15926-2;possible_individual"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#physical_thing"/>
</owl:Class>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="classical_object"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.2.2 classical_object&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is an &lt;a href="#classical_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:classical_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is an &lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a large number of interacting particles which exists for finite
periods of time.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE 1 A &lt;a href="#classical_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:classical_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; can have more than one creation and destruction
activity because
can cease to exist for periods of time.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&sten;classical_object">
 <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&sten;physical_thing"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#classical_object"/>
</owl:Class>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="classical_object_at_instant"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.2.3 classical_object_at_instant&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is an &lt;a href="#classical_object_at_instant"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:classical_object_at_instant&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is an &lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;a href="#classical_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:classical_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; at an instant.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&sten;classical_object_at_instant">
 <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&sten;physical_thing"/>
 <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&sumo;Object"/>
 <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="&iso15926-2;event"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#classical_object_at_instant"/>
</owl:Class>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="persistent_object"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.2.4 persistent_object&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is an &lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is an &lt;a href="#classical_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:classical_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;the periods of time during which it exists results
from creation and destruction
activities.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE 1 A single
&lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; can have more than one creation and destruction
activity because
can cease to exist for periods of time.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&sten;persistent_object">
 <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&sten;classical_object"/>
 <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="&iso15926-2;whole_life_individual"/>
 <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&iso15926-2;physical_object"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#persistent_object"/>
</owl:Class>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="ephemeral_object"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.2.5 ephemeral_object&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is an &lt;a href="#ephemeral_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:ephemeral_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is an &lt;a href="#classical_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:classical_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;its spatial and temporal boundaries are a choice to support
the recording of information.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE A boundary of
an &lt;a href="#ephemeral_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:ephemeral_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; in time or space is
not necessarily be obvious to an observer.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&sten;ephemeral_object">
 <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&sten;classical_object"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#ephemeral_object"/>
</owl:Class>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="facility"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.2.6 facility&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is a &lt;a href="#facility"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:facility&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is created by commissioning activities and is destroyed by
decomissioning activities.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE 1 A &lt;a href="#facility"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:facility&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is operated. The creation and destruction
activities are recognised as such by the operator. A single
&lt;a href="#facility"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:facility&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; can have more than one creation activity because it
can cease to exist for periods of time.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE 2 A &lt;a href="#facility"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:facility&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is distinguished from a
&lt;a href="#physical_asset"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_asset&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; by the nature of the creation and destruction
activities. A &lt;a href="#facility"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:facility&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is created when physical assets are
combined into a whole that can be operated.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE 3 The quantity of matter that is a &lt;a href="#facility"&gt;&lt;b&gt;facility&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; can change
during the life of the &lt;a href="#facility"&gt;&lt;b&gt;facility&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, by the removal of some matter and the
addition of other matter. It often changes completely, so that all the matter previously present is
removed and replaced by different matter.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;EXAMPLE The feedwater pump for boiler "B_101" is a
&lt;a href="#facility"&gt;&lt;b&gt;facility&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; with tag "P_101". Operating the boiler involves operating pump
"P_101". The quantity of matter that is pump "P_101" changes a little
whenever pump "P_101" is maintained,
perhaps by replacing a seal or a bearing.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If the pump with serial number 98-1234 is installed as "P_101" until 2006-10-16, and is then
replace by the pump with serial number 06-4567, then the quantity of matter
that is pump "P_101" changes completely on 2006-10-16.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&sten;facility">
 <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&sten;persistent_object"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#facility"/>
</owl:Class>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="physical_asset"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.2.7 physical_asset&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is a &lt;a href="#physical_asset"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_asset&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is created by an assembly or fabrication activity and is ended by a
disassembly or recycling activity.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE 1 A &lt;a href="#physical_asset"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_asset&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is owned and maintained. The creation and
destruction activities are recognised by the owner or maintainer.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE 2 The quantity of matter that is a
&lt;a href="#physical_asset"&gt;&lt;b&gt;physical_asset&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
can change during the life of the &lt;a href="#physical_asset"&gt;&lt;b&gt;physical_asset&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
by the removal of some matter and the addition of other matter. There is only rarely a
complete change, in which that all the matter previously present is removed and
replaced by different matter.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;EXAMPLE The pump with serial number "98-1234" is a
&lt;a href="#physical_asset"&gt;&lt;b&gt;physical_asset&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. This pump is recorded in the
inventory of equipment owned by J. Bloggs and Co..&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If the pump with serial number 98-1234 is maintained by replacing the
bearings and seals, the
the quantity of matter changes, but the &lt;a href="#physical_asset"&gt;&lt;b&gt;physical_asset&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; continues to
exist. Replacing the body of the pump would probably be regarded as a
manufacturing a new &lt;a href="#physical_asset"&gt;&lt;b&gt;physical_asset&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, rather than
a maintenance activity
carried out on a existing &lt;a href="#physical_asset"&gt;&lt;b&gt;physical_asset&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&sten;physical_asset">
 <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&sten;persistent_object"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#physical_asset"/>
</owl:Class>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="period_of_life"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.2.8 period_of_life&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is a &lt;a href="#period_of_life"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:period_of_life&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is an &lt;a href="#ephemeral_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:ephemeral_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;the &lt;a href="temporal_part_and_time.htm#period"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:period&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
during which it exists is a choice to support
the recording of information.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&sten;period_of_life">
 <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&sten;ephemeral_object"/>
 <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&iso15926-2;physical_object"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#period_of_life"/>
</owl:Class>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="activity"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.2.9 activity&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is an &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is an &lt;a href="#ephemeral_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:ephemeral_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is defined in order to identify a
purpose, cause or result.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE The ISO 15926 term "activity" is prefered to the
&lt;a href="http://suo.ieee.org/SUO/SUMO/index.html"&gt;SUMO&lt;/a&gt; term "process", because it is more general and does not imply
that there is an intention or that there is a well defined outcome.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&sten;activity">
 <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&sten;ephemeral_object"/>
 <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="&sumo;Process"/>
 <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="&iso15926-2;activity"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#activity"/>
</owl:Class>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="set_of_physical_things"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.2.10 set_of_physical_thing&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is a &lt;a href="#set_of_physical_things"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:set_of_physical_things&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; if and only if it is the powerset of
&lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&sten;set_of_physical_things">
 <owl:equivalentClass>
  <owl:Restriction>
   <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="&rdfs;subClassOf"/>
   <owl:someValuesFrom>
    <Class>
     <owl:oneOf rdf:parseType="Collection">
      <owl:Class rdf:about="&sten;physical_thing"/>
     </owl:oneOf>
    </Class>
   </owl:someValuesFrom>
  </owl:Restriction>
 </owl:equivalentClass>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#set_of_physical_things"/>
</owl:Class>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="set_of_persistent_objects"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.2.11 set_of_persistent_objects&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is a &lt;a href="#set_of_persistent_objects"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:set_of_persistent_objects&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; if and only if it is the powerset of
&lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&sten;set_of_persistent_objects">
 <owl:equivalentClass>
  <owl:Restriction>
   <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="&rdfs;subClassOf"/>
   <owl:someValuesFrom>
    <Class>
     <owl:oneOf rdf:parseType="Collection">
      <owl:Class rdf:about="&sten;persistent_object"/>
     </owl:oneOf>
    </Class>
   </owl:someValuesFrom>
  </owl:Restriction>
 </owl:equivalentClass>
 <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&sten;set_of_physical_things"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#set_of_persistent_objects"/>
</owl:Class>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="device"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.2.12 device&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is a &lt;a href="#device"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:device&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is made by people so that it can be used when required to perform an
&lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE A &lt;a href="#device"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:device&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; can be either a
&lt;a href="#facility"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:facility&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; or a
&lt;a href="#physical_asset"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_asset&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&sten;device">
 <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&sten;persistent_object"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#device"/>
</owl:Class>
<!--

-->
<owl:Class rdf:about="&sten;device_supplier">
 <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="&sten;persistent_object"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#device_supplier"/>
</owl:Class>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="ontology_for_physical_thing_properties"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.3 Ontology for physical thing - properties&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;a name="has_part"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.3.1 has_part&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is an &lt;a href="#has_part"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_part&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;b&gt;basics:mapping&lt;/b&gt; relationship between
&lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;all the matter which is the part is also part of the whole for all of its
life.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE 1 The definition above is recursive. &lt;a href="http://suo.ieee.org/SUO/SUMO/index.html"&gt;SUMO&lt;/a&gt; says merely:
"The basic mereological relation."&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE 2 A set of &lt;a href="#has_part"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_part&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationships can specify that each member of a set S is a part of X.
However:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;there may be parts of X which are not members of S; and&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;there may be parts of X which are parts of more than one member of S.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Hence a set of &lt;b&gt;has_part&lt;/b&gt; relationships cannot be used to calculate the mass of X from the mass of
its parts. In order to calculate properties of the whole, from properties of the parts, it is necessary to
use a &lt;a href="#has_partition"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_partition&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:TransitiveProperty rdf:about="&sten;has_part">
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&sten;physical_thing"/>
 <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&sten;physical_thing"/>
 <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="&sumo;part"/>
 <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="&iso15926-2;composition_of_individual.part"/>
 <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="&sumo;part"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#has_part"/>
</owl:TransitiveProperty>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="part_of"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.3.2 part_of&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is a &lt;a href="#part_of"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:part_of&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;b&gt;basics:mapping&lt;/b&gt; relationship between
&lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is the inverse of &lt;a href="#has_part"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_part&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:TransitiveProperty rdf:about="&sten;part_of">
 <owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="&sten;has_part"/>
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&sten;physical_thing"/>
 <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&sten;physical_thing"/>
 <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:about="&iso15926-2;composition_of_individual.whole"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#part_of"/>
</owl:TransitiveProperty>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="has_component"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.3.3 has_component&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is an &lt;a href="#has_component"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_component&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;a href="#has_part"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_part&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;there is a &lt;a href="#has_part"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_part&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationships between
each temporal part of the whole and a temporal part of the part;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;there is a &lt;a href="#part_of"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:part_of&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationships between
each temporal part of the part and a temporal part of the whole.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:TransitiveProperty rdf:about="&sten;has_component">
 <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="&sten;has_part"/>
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&sten;classical_object"/>
 <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&sten;classical_object"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#has_component"/>
</owl:TransitiveProperty>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="component_of"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.3.4 component_of&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is a &lt;a href="#component_of"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:component_of&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;a href="#part_of"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:part_of&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is the inverse of &lt;a href="#has_component"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_component&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:TransitiveProperty rdf:about="&sten;component_of">
 <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="&sten;part_of"/>
 <owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="&sten;has_component"/>
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&sten;classical_object"/>
 <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&sten;classical_object"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#component_of"/>
</owl:TransitiveProperty>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="has_partition"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.3.5 has_partition&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is a &lt;a href="#has_partition"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_partition&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;b&gt;basics:mapping&lt;/b&gt; from &lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; to
&lt;a href="#set_of_physical_things"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:set_of_physical_things&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;each part of the &lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is a part of exactly one member of the
&lt;a href="#set_of_physical_things"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:set_of_physical_things&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE A partition of a &lt;b&gt;topology:directed_manifold_edge&lt;/b&gt; into an &lt;b&gt;topology:open_path&lt;/b&gt;
is specified by a &lt;b&gt;topology:decomposition_of_directed_manifold_edge&lt;/b&gt;. This relationship can be
used to partition a &lt;a href="#period_of_life"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:period_of_life&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; into an &lt;b&gt;basics:ordered_set&lt;/b&gt; of temporal parts.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&sten;has_partition">
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&sten;physical_thing"/>
 <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&sten;set_of_physical_things"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#has_partition"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="partition_of"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.3.6 partition_of&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is a &lt;a href="#partition_of"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:partition_of&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;b&gt;basics:partial_function&lt;/b&gt; from &lt;a href="#set_of_physical_things"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:set_of_physical_things&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; to
&lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is the inverse of &lt;a href="#has_partition"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_partition&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&sten;partition_of">
 <rdf:type rdf:resource="&basics;partial_function"/>
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&sten;set_of_physical_things"/>
 <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&sten;physical_thing"/>
 <owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="&sten;has_partition"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#partition_of"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="relationships_with_an_activity"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.4 Relationships with an activity&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;a name="has_role_player"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.4.1 has_role_player&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is a
&lt;a href="#has_role_player"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_role_player&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;b&gt;basics:mapping&lt;/b&gt; from &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; to
&lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;the &lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
plays a role in the &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE A temporal part of the
&lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; has a
&lt;a href="#part_of"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:part_of&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship with the
&lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&sten;has_role_player">
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&sten;activity"/>
 <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&sten;persistent_object"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#has_role_player"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="plays_role_in"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.4.2 plays_role_in&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is a
&lt;a href="#plays_role_in"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:plays_role_in&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;b&gt;basics:mapping&lt;/b&gt; from
&lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; to
&lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;the &lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
plays a role in the &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE A temporal part of the
&lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; has a
&lt;a href="#part_of"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:part_of&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship with the
&lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&sten;plays_role_in">
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&sten;persistent_object"/>
 <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&sten;activity"/>
 <owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="&sten;has_role_player"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#plays_role_in"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="performs"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.4.3 performs&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is a &lt;a href="#performs"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:performs&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;a href="#plays_role_in"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:plays_role_in&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;the &lt;a href="#period_of_life"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:period_of_life&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is a part of the &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is regarded as
being a cause of the &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&sten;performs">
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&sten;persistent_object"/>
 <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&sten;activity"/>
 <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="&sten;plays_role_in"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#performs"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="performed_by"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.4.4 performed_by&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is an &lt;a href="#performed_by"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:performed_by&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;a href="#has_role_player"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_role_player&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is the inverse of &lt;a href="#performs"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:performs&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&sten;performed_by">
 <owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="&sten;performs"/>
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&sten;activity"/>
 <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&sten;persistent_object"/>
 <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="&sumo;agent"/>
 <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="&sten;has_role_player"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#performed_by"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="input_to"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.4.5 input_to&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is an &lt;a href="#input_to"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:input_to&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;a href="#plays_role_in"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:plays_role_in&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;the &lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
is used by the &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&sten;input_to">
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&sten;persistent_object"/>
 <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&sten;activity"/>
 <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="&sten;plays_role_in"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#input_to"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="has_input"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.4.6 has_input&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is an &lt;a href="#has_input"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_input&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;a href="#has_role_player"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_role_player&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is the inverse of &lt;a href="#input_to"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:input_to&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&sten;has_input">
 <owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="&sten;input_to"/>
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&sten;activity"/>
 <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&sten;persistent_object"/>
 <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="&sumo;resource"/>
 <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="&sten;has_role_player"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#has_input"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="has_set_of_inputs"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.4.7 has_set_of_inputs&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is an &lt;a href="#has_set_of_inputs"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_set_of_inputs&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;b&gt;basics:function&lt;/b&gt; from &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; to
&lt;a href="#set_of_persistent_objects"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:set_of_persistent_objects&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;the &lt;a href="#set_of_persistent_objects"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:set_of_persistent_objects&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; contains each
&lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
that is &lt;a href="#input_to"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:input_to&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; the &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE A possible alternative approach is the specification of a single input
which can be partitioned into a set of inputs as required. The alternative does
not satisfy all requirements because
&lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is an input is a
choice, and the partition of a single input is also a choice.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:FunctionalProperty rdf:about="&sten;has_set_of_inputs">
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&sten;activity"/>
 <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&sten;set_of_persistent_objects"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#has_set_of_inputs"/>
</owl:FunctionalProperty>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="output_from"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.4.8 output_from&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is an &lt;a href="#output_from"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:output_from&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;a href="#plays_role_in"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:plays_role_in&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;the &lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
is produced by the &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&sten;output_from">
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&sten;persistent_object"/>
 <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&sten;activity"/>
 <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="&sten;plays_role_in"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#output_from"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="has_output"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.4.9 has_output&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is an &lt;a href="#has_output"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_output&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;a href="#has_role_player"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_role_player&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is the inverse of &lt;a href="#output_from"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:output_from&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&sten;has_output">
 <owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="&sten;output_from"/>
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&sten;activity"/>
 <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&sten;persistent_object"/>
 <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="&sumo;resource"/>
 <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="&sten;has_role_player"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#has_output"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="has_set_of_outputs"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.4.10 has_set_of_outputs&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is an &lt;a href="#has_set_of_outputs"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_set_of_outputs&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;b&gt;basics:function&lt;/b&gt; from &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; to
&lt;a href="#set_of_persistent_objects"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:set_of_persistent_objects&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;the &lt;a href="#set_of_persistent_objects"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:set_of_persistent_objects&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; contains each
&lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
that is &lt;a href="#output_from"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:output_from&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; the &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE A possible alternative approach is the specification of a single output
which can be partitioned into a set of outputs as required. The alternative does
not satisfy all requirements because
&lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is an output is a
choice, and the partition of a single input is also a choice.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:FunctionalProperty rdf:about="&sten;has_set_of_outputs">
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&sten;activity"/>
 <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&sten;set_of_persistent_objects"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#has_set_of_outputs"/>
</owl:FunctionalProperty>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="creates"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.4.11 creates&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is a &lt;a href="#creates"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:creates&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;a href="#has_output"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_output&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;the &lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
does not exist before the &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&sten;creates">
 <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="&sten;has_output"/>
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&sten;activity"/>
 <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&sten;persistent_object"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#creates"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="created_by"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.4.12 created_by&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is an &lt;a href="#created_by"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:created_by&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;a href="#output_from"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:output_from&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is the inverse of &lt;a href="#creates"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:creates&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&sten;created_by">
 <owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="&sten;creates"/>
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&sten;persistent_object"/>
 <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&sten;activity"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#created_by"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="destroys"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.4.13 destroys&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is a &lt;a href="#destroys"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:destroys&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;a href="#has_input"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:has_input&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;the &lt;a href="#persistent_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:persistent_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
does not exist after the &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&sten;destroys">
 <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="&sten;has_input"/>
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&sten;activity"/>
 <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&sten;persistent_object"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#destroys"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="destroyed_by"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.4.14 destroyed_by&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is an &lt;a href="#destroyed_by"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:destroyed_by&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;a href="#input_to"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:input_to&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is the inverse of &lt;a href="#destroys"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:destroys&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&sten;destroyed_by">
 <owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="&sten;destroys"/>
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&sten;persistent_object"/>
 <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&sten;activity"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#destroyed_by"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="causes"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.4.15 causes&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is a
&lt;a href="#causes"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:causes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;b&gt;basics:mapping&lt;/b&gt; from &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
to itself;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;the domain &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; causes the
range &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&sten;causes">
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&sten;activity"/>
 <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&sten;activity"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#causes"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="caused_by"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.4.15 caused_by&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is a
&lt;a href="#caused_by"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:caused_by&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;b&gt;basics:mapping&lt;/b&gt; from &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
to itself;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;the domain &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is caused by the
range &lt;a href="#activity"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:activity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&sten;caused_by">
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&sten;activity"/>
 <rdfs:range rdf:resource="&sten;activity"/>
 <owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="&sten;causes"/>
 <meta:defined_by rdf:resource="&D2.1;/physical_things.htm#caused_by"/>
</owl:ObjectProperty>
<!--
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="physical_thing_and_structure"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.5 Physical thing and structure&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;a name="why_there_is_a_difference"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.5.1 Why there is a difference&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is something that exists in the real world and may have
immense complexity. It is often not possible to say of a physical object "it has a
structure of type A", because if it is looked at in more detail a more complicated
structure is discovered.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A &lt;b&gt;basics:structure&lt;/b&gt; is specified set of things with specified relationships. A
&lt;b&gt;basics:structure&lt;/b&gt; is different to a &lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, because for a
&lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; there is no specified "set of things" or relationships.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE 2 A simple subclass of &lt;b&gt;basics:structure&lt;/b&gt; is &lt;b&gt;basics:topological_object&lt;/b&gt;. This is
a set of things and a subset of the powerset, which defines the nearness of the
things.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The class &lt;b&gt;basics:structure&lt;/b&gt; and its subclasses is defined in ISO 15926-3.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The class &lt;b&gt;basics:structure&lt;/b&gt; is a subclass of the class
&lt;b&gt;iso15926-2:abstract_object&lt;/b&gt;. ISO 15926-2 says that a thing is either a
&lt;b&gt;iso15926-2:possible_individual&lt;/b&gt; or an &lt;b&gt;iso15926-2:abstract_object&lt;/b&gt;, but not both. This is
probably correct, but it is not practical because most (perhaps all) statements
about a &lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; rely upon the assumption of a structure. If the
separation of structures from physical things is followed to the letter, then we end
up with an instantiation such that:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;a &lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is identified, but it is just a "concept" about which
few statements made;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;a &lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is associated with one or more instances of
&lt;b&gt;structure&lt;/b&gt; which are models of the &lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;; and&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;statements made about the models.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This is very irritating to work with and turns the straightforward statement
"A is part of B", into
"there is a model of B which has a part which is a model of A". Two avoid this, we
explicitly violate the rules of ISO 15926-2 and assume that a &lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
is also a &lt;b&gt;basics:structure&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;a name="space_time_and_manifold"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.5.2 Space time and manifold&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A quantity of space-time is a &lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and it is usually convenient
to regard it as a 4D manifold, even if this may not be true
at extremely small scales.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We can produce reduced dimensions views of space time. Hence we can regard
a volume of space for a period of time as a 3D manifold of temporal fibres.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;EXAMPLE The volume "my_volume_of_space" is regarded as
both a &lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and a
&lt;b&gt;basics:structure&lt;/b&gt;. This is a pragmatic violation if ISO 15926-2. &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
:my_volume_of_space a sten:physical_thing ;
                    a sten:manifold_of_temporal_fibres ;
                    a solid:solid_sphere ;
                    geometry_basics:has_radius [ sten:metre_scale [basics:decimal "10.0 ] ] .
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The class &lt;b&gt;basics:manifold&lt;/b&gt; is a subclass of &lt;b&gt;basics:structure&lt;/b&gt;.
The classes &lt;b&gt;sten:manifold_of_temporal_fibres&lt;/b&gt; and
&lt;b&gt;solid:solid_sphere&lt;/b&gt; are subclasses of &lt;b&gt;basics:manifold&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;a name="physical_object_and_manifold"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.5.3 Physical object and manifold&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href="#classical_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:classical_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is a
&lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; that consists
of large numbers of interacting atoms or molecules. A
&lt;a href="#classical_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:classical_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
obeys the laws of classical physics, and has entropy.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href="#classical_object"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:classical_object&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is often assumed to be a &lt;b&gt;basics:manifold&lt;/b&gt;,
even though this is wrong because matter is made up of atoms and molecules.
Examples, of this are as follows.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;EXAMPLE 1 The temperature distribution within "my_forged_part" is recorded at
instant "t1" during the forging process. The domain of the distribution is
assumed to be a 3D manifold of material points.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
:my_forged_part_at_t1 a            sten:classical_object_at_instant ;
                      a            basics:manifold_3D .

:temperature_distribution_in_my_forged_part_at_t1
                      a            owl:FunctionalProperty ;
                      rdfs:domain  :my_forged_part_at_t1 ;
                      rdfs:range   iso31:temperature ;
                      rdfs:comment "... and properties which define the distribution" .
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A &lt;b&gt;basics:structure&lt;/b&gt; can be the domain or range of a function.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;EXAMPLE 2 The &lt;a href="#physical_asset"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_asset&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
"my_physical_asset", is assumed to be a 1D manifold of temporal instants. The temporal
part "my_physical_asset_in_2007-02" is specified by a start and end instant.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
:my_physical_asset    a sten:physical_asset ;
                      a basics:manifold_1d .

:my_physical_asset_in_2007-02
                      a sten:period_of_life ;
                      a sten:temporal_part_of :my_physical_asset ;
                      a topology:directed_manifold_edge ;
                      topology:end_1
                        [ a sten:classical_object_at_instant ;
                          sten:at_time [ sten:utc_iso8601 2007-01-31T24:00 ] ;
                      topology:end_2
                        [ a sten:classical_object_at_instant ;
                          sten:at_time [ sten:utc_iso8601 2007-02-28T24:00 ] .
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The properties &lt;b&gt;topology:end_1&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;topology:end_2&lt;/b&gt; are defined
for the class &lt;b&gt;topology:directed_manifold_edge&lt;/b&gt;. The instances of
&lt;a href="#classical_object_at_instant"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:classical_object_at_instant&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
are defined by the times at which they occur.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Time can also be regarded as a &lt;b&gt;basics:manifold_1D&lt;/b&gt; of temporal planes.
This gives an alternative way of specifying "my_physical_asset_in_2007-02", as
follows:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
:my_physical_asset_in_2007-02
                      a sten:period_of_life ;
                      a sten:temporal_part_of :my_physical_asset ;
                      sten:during
                        [ topology:end_1
                           [ sten:utc_iso8601 2007-01-31T24:00 ]
                         topology:end_2
                           [ sten:utc_iso8601 2007-02-28T24:00 ] ] .
&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Manifolds are not the only structures of interest.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;EXAMPLE 3 The hired asset "my_hired_asset" is on a daily contract. Hence this
object can be regarded conveniently as a finite ordered set of one day
temporal parts.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
:my_hired_asset       a sten:period_of_life ;
                      a basics:finite_set ;
                      a basics:ordered_set ;
                      sten:first
                       [ a      sten:period_of_life ;
                         during [ sten:has_nominal_value
                                      [ sten:utc_iso8601 2007-02-01 ] ] ;
                      sten:last
                       [ a      sten:period_of_life ;
                         during [ sten:has_nominal_value
                                      [ sten:utc_iso8601 2007-02-28 ] ] .
&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;a name="physical_quantity_space_and_manifold"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.5.4 Physical quantity space and manifold&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;ISO 31-0 says 'Physical quantities may be grouped together into categories
of quantities which are mutually comparable. Lengths, diameters, distances, heights,
wavelengths and so on would constitute such a category. Mutually comparable
quantities are called "quantities of the same kind".'&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href="physical_quantity_property_and_scale.htm#physical_quantity_space"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_quantity_space&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
consists of all quantities of a kind.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A &lt;a href="physical_quantity_property_and_scale.htm#physical_quantity_space"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_quantity_space&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
has a structure. The fact that the members
are "mutually comparable" requires that they have a structure. This is discussed
by Leal, Partridge and West [&lt;a href="#leal_partridge_and_west"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;])&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;EXAMPLE "Thermodynamic temperature" is a
&lt;a href="physical_quantity_property_and_scale.htm#physical_quantity_space"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_quantity_space&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Thermodynamic temperature has structure, because its members can be added, subtracted,
and multiplied by real numbers. Its members are also a &lt;b&gt;basics:manifold_1d&lt;/b&gt;.
Hence a temperature range can be defined by an &lt;b&gt;topology:end_1&lt;/b&gt; and an
&lt;b&gt;topology:end_2&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The
&lt;a href="physical_quantity_property_and_scale.htm#physical_quantity_space"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_quantity_space&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
"thermodynamic_temperature" and the
temperature range "comfortable_room_temperature" are defined below.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
iso31:thermodynamic_temperature a basics:manifold_1d ;
                                a basics:ordered_set .

:comfortable_room_temperature
                          a basics:directed_manifold_edge ;
                          basics:has_defining_superstructure iso31:thermodynamic_temperature ;
                          topology:end_1 [ bipm:celsius [basics:decimal 20.0 ] ] ;
                          topology:end_2 [ bipm:celsius [basics:decimal 28.0 ] ] .
&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;a name="physical_things_and_mereotopology"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.5.4 Physical things and mereotopology&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The criteria for being a manifold are very stringent. Object which obey these
criteria have properties which are unlike those of most (perhaps all) physical things.
If the only statements you need to make about a &lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; are
part-whole relationships, then it is not necessary to assume that a
&lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is a &lt;b&gt;basics:manifold&lt;/b&gt;. Instead it is only
necessary to assume
that a &lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; has "mereotopology" (see Stell and West [&lt;a href="#stell_and_west"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The criteria for being a "mereotopological object" are less stringent than the
criteria for being a manifold and are more similar to the real world.
Nonetheless a merotopological object is an &lt;b&gt;ISO15926-2:abstract_object&lt;/b&gt;
just the same, so that an assumption of mereotopology also violates ISO 15926-2.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The mathematics of merotopological objects is less familiar than the mathematics
of manifolds, and a manifold assumption gives the same result for whole-part
relationships. Hence in many cases, assuming that a &lt;a href="#physical_thing"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:physical_thing&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; is a
manifold is pragmatic.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;a name="leal_partridge_and_west"/&gt;
&lt;p&gt;[1] Leal, D, Partidge C. and West, M., &lt;a href="../others/property_and_space_v1-1.ppt"&gt;Property and Structure&lt;/a&gt;,
unpublished working document for use by standards developers, 2006-07-27
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;a name="stell_and_west"/&gt;
&lt;p&gt;[2] Stell, J. G. and West, M., in: Varzi,A. C. , and Vieu, L. (Eds) Formal Ontology
in Information Systems . Proceedings of the third International Conference
(FOIS-2004) IOS Press, pp261-272, 2004.
(&lt;a href="http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/jgs/StellWestFOIS2004Final.pdf"&gt;http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/jgs/StellWestFOIS2004Final.pdf&lt;/a&gt;)
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;a name="miscellaneous"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.6 Physical thing and structure&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NOTE Most of this section is just mathermatics, and belongs in some
other ontology.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;a name="selection_from"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.6.1 selection_from&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is an &lt;a href="#selection_from"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:selection_from&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;b&gt;basics:mapping&lt;/b&gt; from &lt;b&gt;owl:Class&lt;/b&gt; (the selection)
to &lt;b&gt;owl:Class&lt;/b&gt; (the set of classes) which is a set of disjoint classes;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;the selection consists one member from each of the set of classes.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;div class="note"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;EXAMPLE The class {a, x} has a
&lt;a href="#selection_from"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:selection_from&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship
with {{a, b}, {x, y}}.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The &lt;b&gt;owl:Restriction&lt;/b&gt; class defined by:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;owl:onProperty&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="#selection_from"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:selection_from&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;owl:someValuesFrom&lt;/b&gt; {{{a, b}, {x, y}}},&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;is {{a, x}, {a, y}, {b, x}, {b, y}}.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&sten;selection_from">
 <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="&owl;Class"/>
 <rdfs:range>
  <owl:Restriction>
   <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="rdfs;subClassOf"/>
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  </owl:Restriction>
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&lt;a name="less_than"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.6.2 less_than&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is an &lt;a href="#less_than"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:less_than&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;b&gt;basics:mapping&lt;/b&gt; between two
instances of &lt;b&gt;basics:structure_point&lt;/b&gt; within an &lt;b&gt;basics:ordered_set&lt;/b&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;the domain object is before the range object.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="&sten;less_than">
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</owl:ObjectProperty>
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&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;a name="greater_than"/&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;3.6.3 greater_than&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An object is an &lt;a href="#greater_than"&gt;&lt;b&gt;sten:greater_than&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; relationship
if and only if:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;it is a &lt;b&gt;basics:mapping&lt;/b&gt; between two
instances of &lt;b&gt;basics:structure_point&lt;/b&gt; within an &lt;b&gt;basics:ordered_set&lt;/b&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;the domain object is after the range object.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;OWL specification:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
-->
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&lt;/pre&gt;

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